Forer/Barnum Effect

We accept vague and widely applicable personality descriptions as uniquely accurate for us.

Broad statements can apply to many people. We focus on the parts that fit, overlook mismatches and use personal memories to give vague language a specific meaning.

• A generic horoscope feels as though it describes your exact situation.
• An online personality result uses broad positive statements that appear deeply personal.
• A salesperson gives a vague character assessment that almost any customer could recognise in themselves.

• Look for vague or universally flattering language.
• Ask what evidence would prove the description wrong.
• Compare it with descriptions given to others.
• Prefer validated assessments.
• Notice when you supply the missing details yourself.